Acronis Backup: Operation fails with “Windows error: (0x80070180) You can't connect to the file share because it's not secure"

Symptoms

1. You installed a Windows update (version 1709 and later),
2. Backup, replication or another operation with a destination network share fails with:

Windows error: (0x80070180) You can't connect to the file share because it's not secure. This share requires the obsolete SMB1 protocol, which is unsafe and could expose your system to attack. Your system requires SMB2 or higher. For more info on resolving this issue, see: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=852747