Acronis Backup Cloud: Agent installation fails on registration step with "Error 0x26a001a: Random bytes generation failed"

You are installing Acronis Agent for Windows. Installation fails on the registration step with:
The confirmation is timed out. Check if the device is online, connected to the network, and the agent setup program displays the registration window. If this is the case, and the device has not appeared under 'devices', repeat the registration.

In Windows event logs you see this error:
Event ID 36874: An unknown connection request was received from a remote client application, but none of the cipher suites supported by the client application are supported by the server. The SSL connection request has failed.

In upgrade tool logs you see this error:
Error 0x26a001a: Random bytes generation failed. Details: 'error:24064064:lib(36):func(100):reason(100)'
| line: 0x380c7f78bc4b8fa8
| file: e:\354\enterprise\common\security\core\impl\crypto_rand.cpp:41
| function: Scrambler::RandBytes
| $module: security_core_vsa64_12960